But it was his son King Wu (Martial King) who brought down the Shang Dynasty. At that point, when the individual is in accord with the ineffable Way, life becomes spontaneous, natural, and effortless. The Dong Zhou itself is often further subdivided into the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (770476 bce), when China consisted of many small squabbling states, and the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (475221 bce), when the small states consolidated into several larger units, which struggled with one another for mastery. In 771 BCE, in what became a telling sign of weakness, the Zhou king was murdered and his young successor was compelled to relocate farther east, to a capital closer to the heart of the North China Plain. The Zhou Dynasty, the Longest-lasting of China's Dynasties [51] Other possible cultural influences resulting from Indo-European contact in this period may include fighting styles, head-and-hooves burials, art motifs and myths. Ebrey defines the descent-line system as follows: "A great line (ta-tsung) is the line of eldest sons continuing indefinitely from a founding ancestor. Any ruler who failed in this duty, who let instability creep into earthly affairs, or who let his people suffer, would lose the mandate. In later generations, lords simply became more interested in and identified with their own territories, and they had little sense of solidarity with distant cousins ruling neighboring feudal states. King You was killed by the Quanrong when Haojing was sacked. Then, King Wu returned to his capital in the Wei River Valley, where he passed away in 1043 BCE. The third policy the Zhou court adopted was to dispatch royal kinsmen to strategically critical locations for the purpose of establishing colonies. 3. To support the empire in the east and its loyal feudal rulers, an eastern capital was built at Luoyang on the middle reaches of the Huang He. These nobles were allowed to rule their own lands hereditarily, so long as they observed certain obligations to their king. However, their enemies' rule did not last long. His father died about the time Confucius was born, and he was raised by his mother, who also passed away when Confucius was young. During the turmoil of the Warring States period, however, other individuals developed a philosophy very different from Confucianism called Daoism. During the Warring States, rulers introduced large armies composed of mass infantry and cavalry. The Zhou dynasty also spans the period in which the written script evolved from the oracle script and bronze script into the seal script, and then finally into an almost-modern form with the use of an archaic clerical script that emerged during the late Warring States period. The Zhou Dynasty collapsed slowly, over a period of hundreds of years, as the feudal rulers of outlying provinces gained more authority. The stability of that arrangement lasted some 200 years before it began to collapse with the increasing local interests of the 20 or more feudal lords. In discussions that demarcate between trunk and collateral lines, the former is called a zong and the latter a zu, whereas the whole lineage is dubbed the shi. This move marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou (770 256 BCE). The noble person is concerned with rightness, the small person is concerned with profit. (4.16) Confucius redefined the meaning of nobility. He held this title (duke) and fief (Qi) because his distant ancestor had served as a commander under King Wu during the Zhou founding.

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