1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. and ingenuity. of Company B (1941). and the Lincoln Center Jazz collectively . John Coltrane's "hard bop" of As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. harmony, structure and instrumentation. GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). the following instruments: The Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. His pioneering vocal style, which treated his voice as an instrument, provided the foundation for vocal jazz interpretation. Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. Art-music composer/conductor Leonard Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. And they played dance music. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player.

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